Pseudoretinitis pigmentosa due to syphilis: a case report and literature review / Pseudorretinose pigmentária por sífilis: relato de caso e revisão de literatura

ABSTRACT Syphilis is a sexually transmitted infection caused by the spirochete Treponema pallidum. Ocular involvement can occur at any time, and it may affect 10% of patients in the secondary stage, and from 2% to 5% in the tertiary stage. Uveitis is the most common presentation of ocular syphilis, affecting 0.4% to 8% of patients with systemic disease. Chorioretinitis is the most common posterior alteration. We present the case of a 53-year-old male patient, presenting with bilateral low visual acuity and nyctalopia for 3 years. His physical examination revealed decreased pupillary reflex, anterior vitreous cells, physiologic papillae, arteriolar attenuation, reduced foveal reflex, diffuse retinal pigment epithelium atrophy, peripapillary and perivascular punctate pigment accumulation and peripheral chorioretinitis. Full-field electroretinogram was extinct in both eyes. Treponemal syphilis test was positive. Previously diagnosed as retinitis pigmentosa, evolved to blindness, despite proper treatment. Our case shows syphilis as a significant cause of blindness. Atypical presentations of retinitis pigmentosa must warn ophthalmologists to etiologies of pseudoretinitis pigmentosa, such as syphilis.

RESUMO A sífilis é uma infecção sexualmente transmissível causada pela espiroqueta Treponema pallidum. A sífilis ocular pode ocorrer em qualquer estágio da doença, chegando a 10% na forma secundária e a 2% a 5% em sua forma terciária. A uveíte é a manifestação ocular mais comum, ocorrendo em 0,4% a 8% dos pacientes com a doença sistêmica. A coriorretinite é a manifestação mais comum do segmento posterior. Apresentamos o caso de um paciente do sexo masculino, 53 anos, com queixa de baixa acuidade visual e nictalopia há ٣ anos. Seu exame físico revelou lentificação dos reflexos pupilares, celularidade no vítreo anterior, papilas fisiológicas, atenuação arteriolar, redução do reflexo foveal, atrofia difusa do epitélio pigmentar da retina, acúmulo punctato de pigmento em regiões peripapilar e perivascular e coriorretinite periférica. Eletrorretinograma de campo total extinto em ambos os olhos. O teste treponêmico foi positivo. Foi previamente diagnosticado como portador de retinose pigmentar, evoluindo com cegueira, a despeito do tratamento correto instituído. Esse caso mostra a sífilis como importante causadora de cegueira. Casos atípicos de retinose pigmentar devem alertar o oftalmologista para causas de pseudorretinose pigmentar, como a sífilis.

Síndrome de Bardet-Biedl: série de caso e revisão da literatura / Bardet- Biedl Syndrome: case series and literature revision

Resumo A Síndrome de Bardet-Biedl é uma desordem autossômica recessiva rara, com heterogeneidade clínica e genética. As principais características são retinopatia pigmentar, obesidade, polidactilia, dificuldades de aprendizado, diversos graus de deficiência intelectual, anomalias renais e hipogonadismo. O objetivo desse trabalho é relatar dois casos de síndrome de Bardet-Biedl em pacientes diagnosticados no Instituto Benjamin Constant e fazer uma revisão literária da síndrome. Revisão de prontuário e pesquisa bibliográfica nas bases de dados do PubMed, SciELO, MEDLINE e LILACS. Atualmente não há tratamento para a Síndrome de Bardet-Biedl, mas o diagnóstico precoce é importante para orientar a gestão da criança através de uma avaliação regular da pressão arterial, peso, estudos de imagiologia renais, exames oftalmológicos e apoio psicológico.

Abstract The Bardet-Biedl Syndrome is a rare autosomal recessive disorder with clinical and genetic heterogeneity. Its main characteristics are pigmentary retinopathy, obesity, polydactyly, learning disabilities, various degrees of intellectual disability, renal anomalies and hypogonadism. The objective of this study is to report two cases of the Bardet-Biedl syndrome in patients diagnosed at the Benjamin Constant Institute and to perform a literary review of the syndrome. Review of medical records and bibliographic research were made from the PubMed, SciELO, MEDLINE and LILACS databases. Currently, treatment for the Bardet-Biedl Syndrome does not exist, but early diagnosis is important to guide the child through a regular assessment of blood pressure, weight, renal imaging studies, eye exams and psychological support.

Retinose pigmentada unilateral secundária a trauma: relato de caso / Unilateral retinitis pigmentosa secondary to eye injury: case report

A retinose pigmentada constitui um grupo de doenças causadas por alterações genéticas que levam à degeneração progressiva dos fotorreceptores, principalmente bastonetes. Em geral, tem apresentação bilateral. Este estudo é um relato de caso de uma paciente com acometimento unilateral da retina, de características semelhantes às da retinose pigmentada, com história de trauma ocular antigo. Descrevem-se sua história clínica e achados oftalmológicos.

Retinitis pigmentosa is a group of diseases caused by genetic changes that lead to progressive degeneration of photoreceptors, rods mainly. In general, it has bilateral presentation. This study is a case report of a patient with unilateral involvement of the retina, similar to the characteristics of retinitis pigmentosa, and an old ocular trauma history. It describes her history and ophthalmologic findings.

Pigmentary retinopathy due to Bardet-Biedl syndrome: case report and literature review / Retinopatia pigmentar devido a síndrome de Bardet-Biedl: relato de caso e revisão da literatura

Bardet-Biedl syndrome (BBS) is a rare autosomal recessive disorder with clinical and genetic heterogeneity. This syndrome was first described by Laurence and Moon in 1866 and additional cases were described by Bardet and Biedl between 1920 and 1922. The main features are obesity, polydactyly, pigmentary retinopathy, learning disabilities, various degrees of intellectual impairment, hypogonadism, and renal abnormalities. Bardet-Biedl syndrome is both phenotypically and genetically heterogeneous. Clinical diagnosis is based on the presence of 4 of the 5 cardinal features. The authors present a typical case of pigmentary retinopathy due to Bardet-Biedl syndrome and made a brief commentary about the disease's cardinal manifestations.

A síndrome de Bardet-Biedl (BBS) é uma desordem autossômica recessiva rara, com heterogeneidade clínica e genética. Esta síndrome foi descrita pela primeira vez por Laurence e Moon em 1866 e outros casos foram descritos por Bardet e Biedl entre 1920 e 1922. As principais características são obesidade, polidactilia, retinopatia pigmentar, dificuldades de aprendizagem, graus de deficiência intelectual diversos, hipogonadismo e anomalias renais. Síndrome de Bardet-Biedl é fenotipicamente e geneticamente heterogêneos. O diagnóstico clínico baseia-se na presença de quatro dos cinco sinais principais da síndrome. Os autores apresentam um caso típico de retinopatia pigmentar devido à síndrome de Bardet-Biedl e fazem uma breve revisão sobre as manifestações da síndrome com especial atenção à retinopatia pigmentar.

case series study of leber's congenital amaurosis: Clinical description and ERG findings

To evaluate the incidence of Leber's Congenital Amaurosis [LCA] in low vision children referred to electrophysiology ward of Farabi Eye Hospital, and review the clinical features of disease and Electroretiongraphy [ERG] test values to confirm the diagnosis and severity of the disease in Iran. Prospective observational case series. Two-hundred and fifteen cases of low vision infants and young children were referred to electrophysiology ward of Farabi Eye Hospital during 18 months. Clinical LCA diagnosis was made and ERG tests were done and LCA diagnosis was confirmed. The symptoms, signs and the results of eye examination and ERG findings were recorded. The mean age of the patients was 27.43 [range, 1-120 months]. Among low vision patients fourteen percent of patients had LCA. Fifty-four percent of the patients were female. Nystagmus and low vision were the two most common clinical manifestations of these patients. Hyperopia was the main refractive error [54.80%] and mild abnormalities in fundus examinations were found in 67.70% of cases. In nearly 90% of cases consanguinity was found. ERG was flat or unrecordable in more than 90% of cases, but in less than 10% of cases with recordable curves, severe decrease in amplitude of waves was encountered. ERG confirmed LCA diagnosis in 31 out of 37 patients [positive predictive value of 83.7%]. The incidence of LCA in low vision children is similar to other studies. ERG helped in confirmation of presence or absence of overall retinal dysfunction in the majority 31/37 [83.7%] of LCA patients. It can differentiate these cases from other cases with poor vision in infantile age but genetic testing is recommended

Unilateral retinitis pigmentosa with hypoplastic tilted disc in other eye

A case of a 32-year-old woman showing pigmentary degeneration of the retina in one eye associated with a hypoplastic tilted disc in fellow eye is presented. Clinical examinations of the patient were performed in order to rule out the various causes which are known to produce fundoscopic features that mimic retinitis pigmentosa. Since these investigations were all negative, the fundus changes were interpreted as a unilateral retinitis pigmentosa. Four years later, the patient was re-examined and the findings were reconfirmed. An association of unilateral retinitis pigmentosa and hypoplastic tilted disc in the other eye can be regarded as exceptional. The possibility of a correlation of the pathogenetic mechanism involved in the development of both conditions is discussed

Pupil size following dark adaptation in patients with retinitis pigmentosa

According to the equivalent light hypothesis, molecular defects in the photoreceptor lead to a continuous activation of the photoreceptor cascade in a manner equivalent to real light. The consequences in diseases such as retinitis pigmentosa (RP) are as disruptive to the cells as real light. Two forms of the equivalent light hypothesis can be distinguished: strong - mutations in rhodopsin or other cascade proteins in some forms of RP continuously excite the visual phototransduction cascade; weak - disruption of outer segments in all patients with RP eliminates circulating dark current and blocks neurotransmitter release in a manner similar to real light. Both forms of the equivalent light hypothesis predict that pupils of patients with RP will be constricted like those of normal subjects in the light. The purpose of this study was to test the equivalent light hypothesis by determining whether steady-state pupil diameter following full dark adaptation is abnormally small in any of a sample of patients with RP. Thirty-five patients with RP and 15 normal subjects were tested. Direct steady-state pupillometric measures were obtained from one eye in a full-field dome after 45 min of dark adaptation by videotaping the pupil with an infrared camera. Mean pupil diameter in the dark was comparable (t = -0.15, P = 0.88) between patients with RP (6.85 Ý 0.58 mm) and normal subjects (6.82 Ý 0.76 mm). The results of the present study are clearly counter to the prediction of the second (weaker) form of the equivalent light hypothesis

Distrofias retinianas: retinosis pigmentada (RP) (Bastón-Cono) (Primera Parte)

Dentro de las distrofias retinianas, la Retinosis Pigmentada está considerada como un grupo de enfermedades con disfunción progresiva por involucro de los fotorreceptores, caracterizada por la presencia de nictalopia, disminución progresiva del campo visual y antecedentes hereditarios. Se revisa su prevalencia, presentación según su tipo, y enfermedades asociadas, conformando síndromes. Asimismo el diagnóstico, evaluación de métodos de apoyo diagnóstico, pronóstico y manejo, así como la necesidad del estudio genético para tipificación y consejo para su manejo integral

Varios genes descartados como causantes de retinosis pigmentaria autosómica recesiva en dos familias costarricenses / Somes genes resect by caused of autosomal recessive retinitis pigmentosa in two Costa Rican families

Se estudiaron dos familias costarricenses con Retinosis Pigmentaria (RP) de herencia autosómica recesiva, con el fin de descartar genes relacionados con la enfermedad. Para esto se efectuó un análisis de ligamiento con marcadores polimórficos por repeticiones en tandem (STRPs). En una familia (C1) los afectados presentan una degeneración de aparición temprana y severa. En la otra familia (P1) la aparición es temprana pero con una degeneración más lenta que en C1. Las diferencias fenotípicas sugieren que se trata de mutaciones diferentes en ambas familias...

Retinose pigmentar central (inversa) / Central pigmentary retinitis

Apresentam-se 14 membros de uma família, nove dos quais säo portadores de retinose pigmentar central (inversa). Comparam-se os achados clínicos desses portadores num acompanhamento de 16 anos (1977-1993) no IPB, com aqueles descritos na retinose pigmentar típica. A discussäo baseia-se na herança, diagnóstico diferencial e conduta

Evaluación oftalmológica de pacientes nefrodializados / Ophthalmologic evaluation of nephrodialyzed patients

Se realiza evaluación oftalmológica, con especial atención en cambios de tensión ocular durante el procedimiento y al carácter de la exploración vitreorretinal en 39 pacientes nefrodializados en Servicio de Nefrología, Hospital Barros Luco. No se encontraron alteraciones de Polo anterior significativas. La tensión ocular presentó cambios durante el procedimiento de tipo bimodal, con predominio de la baja tensional; sin embargo, tres casos acusan hipertensión durante el procedimiento. Las alteraciones en la exploración vitreorretinal son las propias de las etiologías de base, salvo cuatro pacientes que presentan modificaciones de aspecto tapetorretinal en media periferia retinal

Síndrome de Usher / Usher's syndrome

Os autores apresentam revisäo bibliográfica e 3 casos clínicos de Síndrome de Usher, caracterizada pela presença simultânea de retinose pigmentar, deficit auditivo congênito näo progressivo e, na maioria dos casos, disfunçäo vestibular

AgS: uveites e retinose pigmentar / AgS: uveitis and retinitis pigmentosa

Desenvolve-se o trabalho nos quatro seguintes itens: 1) caracterizaçäo e isolamento do AgS; 2) conceituaçäo da "viragem- nas uveítes endógenas: da heteroagressäo inicial para a responsabilidade conseqüente da auto-agressäo (pelo AgS liberado). Elementos clínicos e laboratoriais (teste intradérmico, Ac, LAI) comprovam-no. Inclui tabelas (Rocha e Lacerda) sobre pesquisa laboratorial em 108 casos de uveíte posterior e 42 de uveíte anterior. Auto-agressäo predominante nas formas posteriores e especialmente nas crônicas. 3) justifica sua hipótese de que muitos casos de retinose pigmentar devem ser atribuidos à auto-agressäo pelo AgS. Base clínica, laboratorial e histopatológica. A imunogenética (HLA) justificaria o caráter hereditário. 4) no último item, desenvolve consideraçöes de ordem terapêutica com o AgS, que poderá, conforme experiências da escola francesa, na prevençäo e mesmo tratamento das uveítes experimentais pelo AgS, ser utilizado em casos de auto agressäo de uveíte humana, em que a "viragem" se caracterize. Insere-se, como adendo, suas verificaçöes iniciais com o CSA em ratos prevenindo indiscutivelmente o surto do processo uveal após a inoculaçäo com AgS